Cuestionario de autoevaluación CAMBRA como método de cribado poblacional del riesgo de caries sin métodos exploratorios: un estudio piloto observacional transversal / Modified CAMBRA questionnaire as a method for population-based caries risk screening without exploratory methods: a cross-sectional observational pilot study

Fundamentos: Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) es un cuestionario de diagnóstico del riesgo global de caries dental. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar un cuestionario de autoevaluación basado en CAMBRA que, a diferencia del original, es cumplimentado por padres/madres/cuidadores, sin necesidad de una exploración odontológica, permitiendo establecer un diagnóstico de presunción en menores de siete años excluidos del programa de salud oral del Sistema Nacional de Salud, con el fin de instaurar recomendaciones individualizadas al riesgo de caries y su inclusión precoz en programas preventivos del Servicio Madrileño de Salud (Madrid, España). Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional transversal basado en las recomendaciones STROBE, empleando por primera vez un cuestionario de autoevaluación basado en CAMBRA en niños/as de tres a seis años de una escuela infantil de Madrid (España). Los resultados se analizaron mediante una estadística descriptiva y para el estudio de la relación entre variables cualitativas se utilizó el estadístico exacto de Fisher. Resultados: El cuestionario fue respondido por padres de 120 niños, de los cuales, el 40,8% presentó, a priori, un riesgo de caries bajo, el 42,5% un riesgo moderado y el 16,7% un riesgo alto de caries. Conclusiones: El presente estudio permite la identificación de pacientes en riesgo de presentar y/o desarrollar caries. No obstante, futuros estudios han de evaluar su sensibilidad y especificidad mediante su comparativa frente a un diagnóstico de confirmación tras una exploración odontológica. Pese a ello, el cuestionarioCAMBRA modificado podría ser una herramienta útil para el cribado poblacional, facilitandoel acceso de la población en riesgo de caries y en riesgo de exclusión a planes preventivos y comunitarios.(AU)

Background:Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) is a questionnaire used to diagnose the patient’s overall caries risk. This study aimed to present a self-assessment questionnaire based on CAMBRA which, unlike the original, is completed by parents/caregivers, without the need for a dental examination, allowing a presumptive diagnosis to be established in children under seven years of age excluded from the oral health programme of the National Health System to establish individualised recommendations for caries risk and their early inclusion in preventive programmes of the Madrid Health Service (Madrid, Spain). Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out following STROBE guidelines using for the first time a self-assessment questionnaire based on CAMBRA in a population of children aged from three to six years from a nursery school in Madrid (Spain). The results were analysed using descriptive statistics and Fisher’s exact statistic was used to study the relationship between qualitative variables. Results: The questionnaire was answered by the parents of 120 children (response rate=53.1%), of whom 40.8% presented a low a priori caries risk, 42.5% a moderate risk and 16.7% a high caries risk. Conclusion: The present study allow the identification of patients at risk of presenting and/or developing caries. However, future studies should evaluate its sensitivity and specificity by comparing it with a confirmatory diagnosis after a dental examination. Nevertheless, the modified CAMBRA questionnaire could be a useful tool for population screening, facilitating the access of the population at risk of caries and risk of exclusion to preventive and community plans.(AU)

[Modified CAMBRA questionnaire as a method for population-based caries risk screening without exploratory methods: a cross-sectional observational pilot study]. / Cuestionario de autoevaluación CAMBRA como método de cribado poblacional del riesgo de caries sin métodos exploratorios: un estudio piloto observacional transversal.

OBJECTIVE: Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) is a questionnaire used to diagnose the patient's overall caries risk. This study aimed to present a self-assessment questionnaire based on CAMBRA which, unlike the original, is completed by parents/caregivers, without the need for a dental examination, allowing a presumptive diagnosis to be established in children under seven years of age excluded from the oral health programme of the National Health System to establish individualised recommendations for caries risk and their early inclusion in preventive programmes of the Madrid Health Service (Madrid, Spain). METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out following STROBE guidelines using for the first time a self-assessment questionnaire based on CAMBRA in a population of children aged from three to six years from a nursery school in Madrid (Spain). The results were analysed using descriptive statistics and Fisher's exact statistic was used to study the relationship between qualitative variables. RESULTS: The questionnaire was answered by the parents of 120 children (response rate=53.1%), of whom 40.8% presented a low a priori caries risk, 42.5% a moderate risk and 16.7% a high caries risk. CONCLUSIONS: The present study allow the identification of patients at risk of presenting and/or developing caries. However, future studies should evaluate its sensitivity and specificity by comparing it with a confirmatory diagnosis after a dental examination. Nevertheless, the modified CAMBRA questionnaire could be a useful tool for population screening, facilitating the access of the population at risk of caries and risk of exclusion to preventive and community plans.

OBJETIVO: Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) es un cuestionario de diagnóstico del riesgo global de caries dental. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar un cuestionario de autoevaluación basado en CAMBRA que, a diferencia del original, es cumplimentado por padres/madres/cuidadores, sin necesidad de una exploración odontológica, permitiendo establecer un diagnóstico de presunción en menores de siete años excluidos del programa de salud oral del Sistema Nacional de Salud, con el fin de instaurar recomendaciones individualizadas al riesgo de caries y su inclusión precoz en programas preventivos del Servicio Madrileño de Salud (Madrid, España). METODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional transversal basado en las recomendaciones STROBE, empleando por primera vez un cuestionario de autoevaluación basado en CAMBRA en niños/as de tres a seis años de una escuela infantil de Madrid (España). Los resultados se analizaron mediante una estadística descriptiva y para el estudio de la relación entre variables cualitativas se utilizó el estadístico exacto de Fisher. RESULTADOS: El cuestionario fue respondido por padres de 120 niños, de los cuales, el 40,8% presentó, a priori, un riesgo de caries bajo, el 42,5% un riesgo moderado y el 16,7% un riesgo alto de caries. CONCLUSIONES: El presente estudio permite la identificación de pacientes en riesgo de presentar y/o desarrollar caries. No obstante, futuros estudios han de evaluar su sensibilidad y especificidad mediante su comparativa frente a un diagnóstico de confirmación tras una exploración odontológica. Pese a ello, el cuestionario CAMBRA modificado podría ser una herramienta útil para el cribado poblacional, facilitando el acceso de la población en riesgo de caries y en riesgo de exclusión a planes preventivos y comunitarios.

Comparison of the effectiveness of two manual toothbrushes: Conventional design versus double-sided toothbrush design. A pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: Dental hygiene is the most effective method in the prevention of oral diseases. However, most patients do not use the recommended teeth brushing techniques and/or time brushing is insufficient. With this objective, modifications in conventional toothbrushes have been developed to deal with these findings. The aim of this study was to compare plaque removal effectiveness of a manual toothbrush with a modified head (MTMH) with a wrap-around design versus a conventional manual toothbrush. METHODS: This pilot prospective clinical study was designed according to STROBE guidelines. The patients suspended oral hygiene habits for 24 h (baseline). Subsequently, the teeth were brushed for 60 s. Both toothbrushes followed the same study procedure, separated by 1 month. Plaque-removing effectiveness was measured before and after tooth brushing using the modified O'Leary Plaque Index (PI). RESULTS: Seven patients were included in this pilot study. The mean age was 37.66 ± 10.68 years. PI mean differences between baseline and after brushing were 51.99% ± 16.43 for MTMH and 27.93 ± 6.85, for conventional toothbrush (p = 0.0013). After brushing, mean PI values were 18.36% ± 6.95%, and 37.61% ± 10.57% respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that the effectiveness of plaque removal by using MTMH is significantly higher than the conventional manual toothbrush.

Prevalence of aphthous stomatitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease after the treatment with monoclonal antibodies: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Currently, the most frequently employed therapies in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), i.e., Crohn's Disease (CD), Ulcerative Colitis (UC) or unclassified IBD (IBD-U) are monoclonal anti-TNFs and anti-integrin therapies, such as vedolizumab (VDZ). Forty-seven per cent of these patients present extra-intestinal manifestations, the second most prevalent being aphthous stomatitis (AS). The present study aims to investigate which of the two therapies is associated with a lower prevalence of AS after treatment. Material and methods: An electronic search of the MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, SCOPUS, LILACS and OpenGrey databases was carried out. The criteria used were those described by the PRISMA Statement. The search was not temporarily restricted and was updated to January 2022. The quality assessment was analyzed using the JBI Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool. Results: After searching, 7 studies were included that met the established criteria. Of these, 6 analysed the prevalence of AS in CD patients and 4 in UC. A total of 1,744 patients were analysed (CD=1,477 patients; 84.69%; UC=267; 15.31%). The greatest reduction in AS prevalence was observed after anti-TNF therapy. The effect of these therapies on the prevalence of AS in patients with IBD-U could not be determined. Conclusions: Both biologic therapies achieve a reduction in the prevalence of AS in IBD patients (CD and UC). However, the best results were obtained in patients treated with anti-TNFs, possibly because VDZ is often used in patients who do not respond adequately to previous treatment with anti-TNFs and because of its intestinal specificity. (AU)

New Rules for Teaching in Dental Schools in the COVID-19 Era

ABSTRACT: The crisis caused by COVID-19 has led to the development of strategies for adapting the undergraduate and postgraduate teaching of dentistry to the new situation, as well as guaranteeing the safety of all staff, students, patient s and persons accompanying them.We reviewed a total of 36 documents, including articles and guidelines or recommendations issued by dental schools, scientific societies and other institutions, in order to take stock of the current evidence available about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dental schools. Additional training is required in the management of infectious diseases and the prevention of their transmission. Dental schools must be prepared and implement the necessary measures according to the level of infection risk during face-to-face activities, especially in clinics, while guaranteeing quality teaching and allo wing research to be carried out. Adapting teaching to new technologies is essential for the development of non-classroom training, a s is conducting questionnaires that collect information on crisis management and assessing the stress level of students, faculty and other staff. The incorporation of new technologies in both training and assessment reduces the chances of contagion and enhances student autonomy. Distance learning competencies must be clear to students and be included in the description of the academic programme. We must not forget that the primary objective of teaching is for students to acquire the necessary skills f or their profession. More than ever, the international cooperation of universities in the elaboration of protocols is essential. T hese protocols must ensure the health of everyone in this pandemic and in possible future scenarios. We must transform this crisis into an opportunity that will revolutionize dental education.

RESUMEN: La crisis originada por la COVID-19 ha obligado a desarrollar estrategias para adaptar la enseñanza pre y postgrado en odontología a la nueva situación, así como para garantizar la seguridad de todo el personal de la facultad, estudiantes, pacientes y acompañantes. Revisamos un total de 36 documentos, incluyendo artículos y guías o recomendaciones facilitadas por facultades de odontología, sociedades científicas y otras instituciones, con el fin de obtener la evidencia científica disponible sobre el impacto de la pandemia de la COVID-19 en las facultades de odontología. Las facultades de odontología deben estar preparadas e implementar las medidas necesarias según el nivel de riesgo de infección de SARS-CoV-2 durante las actividades presenciales, especialmente en clínica, además de garantizar una enseñanza de calidad y permitir el desarrollo de investigación. Es fundamental la adaptación de la docencia a las nuevas tecnologías para el desarrollo de formación no presencial, así como la realización de cuestionarios que recaben información sobre la gestión de la crisis y analicen el estrés de estudiantes, profesores y personal. La incorporación de las nuevas tecnologías tanto en la formación como en la evaluación reduce las posibilidades de contagio y potencia la autonomía del alumno. Las competencias de la educación a distancia deben quedar claras para los estudiantes, e incluirse en la descripción del curso académico siendo objetivo primordial de la docencia la adquisición de las mismas. La cooperación internacional de universidades es esencial en la elaboración de protocolos que garanticen la salud de todos en esta pandemia y en posibles futuros escenarios. Esta crisis supone una oportunidad para revolucionar la educación en odontología.

COVID-19 Safety Protocols in Dental Clinical Education in the Second Wave

ABSTRACT: This second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the development of strategies for guaranteeing clinical teaching in dental schools and adapt it to this new epidemiological situation protecting the health of all staff, stud ents, patients and persons accompanying them. We reviewed a total of 51 documents, including articles and guidelines or recommendations issued by dental schools, scientific societies and other institutions, in order to take stock of the current evidence available about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dental schools. We describe a series of measures to implement in semi-critical and critical areas of dental schools to guarantee the safety of all and the continuity of the clinic al training of students. These include: mobility circuits, appropriate distancing, patient scheduling, telephone triage, personal protective equipments, measures to reduce viral transmission by air ventilation and several other actions specific to low or high aerosol generating by treatments. Dental schools must be prepared and implement the necessary measures according to the level of infection risk during face-to-face activities, especially in clinics, which provide essential formation and imp ossible to acquire online. Dental schools should focus on prioritizing preventive and minimally invasive dentistry minimizing aerosol generating procedures whenever possible. More than ever, the international cooperation among universities for the elaboration of protocols is essential. These protocols must ensure the health of everyone in this new second wave of the pandemic and in possible future epidemiological scenarios.

RESUMEN: Esta segunda oleada de la pandemia COVID-19 ha llevado al desarrollo de estrategias para garantizar la docencia clínica en las facultades de odontología y adaptarla a esta nueva situación epidemiológica protegiendo la salud de todo el personal, estudiantes, pacientes y acompañantes. Revisamos un total de 51 documentos, incluidos artículos y guías o recomendaciones emitidas por escuelas de odontología, sociedades científicas y otras instituciones, con el fin de hacer un balance de la evidencia actual disponible sobre el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 en las escuelas de odontología. Describimos una serie de medidas a implementar en áreas semicríticas y críticas de las facultades de odontología para garantizar la seguridad de todos y la continuidad de la formación clínica de los estudiantes. Estos incluyen: circuitos de movilidad, distanciamiento apropiado, programación de pacientes, triaje telefónico, equipos de protección personal, medidas para reducir la transmisión viral por ventilación de aire y varias otras acciones específicas para la generación baja o alta de aerosoles por los tratamientos. Las escuelas de odontología deben estar preparadas e implementar las medidas necesarias de acuerdo al nivel de riesgo de infección durante las actividades presenciales, especialmente en las clínicas, que brindan formación imprescindible e imposible de adquirir en línea. Las escuelas de odontología deben centrarse en priorizar la odontología preventiva y mínimamente invasive minimizando los procedimientos que generan aerosoles siempre que sea posible. Más que nunca, la cooperación internacional entre universidades para la elaboración de protocolos es fundamental. Estos protocolos deben garantizar la salud de todos en esta nueva segunda ola de la pandemia y en posibles escenarios epidemiológicos futuros.